4. Foreign currencies

The individual financial statements of each Group entity are prepared in the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (its functional currency). For the purpose of the consolidated financial statements, the results and financial position of each Group entity are expressed in euros (EUR, €), which is the functional currency of the Company and the presentation currency of the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

In preparing the financial statements of the individual entities, transactions in currencies other than the entities’ functional currency are recognized at the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the closing rate.

Non-monetary items carried at fair value that are denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rate when the fair value was measured. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not translated at the closing rate.

Exchange differences are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise except for:

• exchange differences on foreign currency borrowings relating to assets under construction for future productive use, which are included in the cost of those assets when they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs on those foreign currency borrowings,
• exchange differences on transactions entered into in order to hedge certain foreign currency risks (see note F32 Financial instruments and financial risk management for hedge accounting policies), and
• exchange differences on monetary items receivable from or payable to a foreign operation for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future (therefore forming part of the net investment in the foreign operation), which are recognized initially in other comprehensive income under “currency translation differences”.

The main exchange rates used are: